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Nouns And Its Types With Examples


NOUN

Noun or संज्ञा is a word that is used as name of a person, thing or place like Ram, Pune, Chain etc.
Nouns पाच प्रकार के होते है -
(1) Proper Noun  (व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञ)
(2) Common Noun  (जातिवाचक संज्ञा)
(3) Collective Noun (समूहवाचक संज्ञा)
(4) Material Noun (धातुवाचक संज्ञा)
(5) Abstract Noun (भाववाचक संज्ञा)

(1) Proper Noun : These nouns represents the name of a person, thing or place.


For Ex. : Ram, Pooja, Amit (Name of person) ,Delhi, Jaipur, Chennai (Name of place)  Chair, Pen, Table (Name of thing)

(2) Common Noun: These nouns indicate a specific class referring to a person, place or thing in a general sense.




For Ex. : King, boy, girl, city, player etc.
(2) Collective Noun: These nouns refer to a group of persons or things, spoken as a whole but a single unit.



For Ex. : Team, Committee, Jury, army, crowed etc.

(4) Material Noun: These nouns refer or substance like gold, silver, coal, wood etc.




(5) Abstract Noun: It is that kind of nouns refer to the name of action, quality or state. These are made from norms like Honesty, Bravery, Hatred, Laughter, Poverty etc.




* In Modern English, the nouns are also classified as followed-
(1) Countable Nouns: These nouns can be counted & shown in figures like pens, tables, chairs etc.
(2) Uncountable Nouns: These nouns cannot be counted and hence used in singular form only. Like petrol, milk, sugar, food etc.

Rule -1
कुछ Nouns ऐसे होते है यदि उनका Plural बनाया जाता है तो उनका अर्थ बदल जाता है , ऐसे Nouns अपने मूल Plural अर्थ के अतिरिक्त भी एक और अर्थ निकलता है / ऐसे निम्न प्रकार है- 
Singular

Plural

Water
पानी  
Waters
समुद्र
Advice
सलाह
Advices
सुचनाएa
Abuse
गाली
Abuses
सामाजिक कुर्तिया
Air
हवा
Airs
दिखावटी व्यवहार 
Iron
लोहा
Irons
बेडियां a
Copper
ताँबा
Coppers
सिक्का
Alphabet
वर्णमाला
Alphabets
भाषायें
Pain
दर्द (शारीरिक)
Pains
प्रयास
Sand
बालू रेत
Sands
 मरुभूमि
Wood
लकड़ी
Woods
जंगल
Humanity
मानवता
Humanities
साहित्य का अध्यन
Amend
lसुधार
Amends
क्षतिपूर्ति
Good
लाभ / बढिया
Goods
सामान
Regard
आदर / सम्मान
Regards
शुभकामनाये a
Work
 काम
Works
रचनाये  
People
लोग
Peoples
राष्ट्र

For Ex.: (a)    The pacific Ocean is the largest waters (water body).   
               (b)    The works (his literature) of Shakespeare made him popular.
               (c)     There lived a sage in woods (forest)
              (d)      Swami Dayanand Saraswati always worked to remove the abuses (social evils of                                  society)from Indian society.
                                                                                                                                 

Rule -2
When a noun is repeated with the use of preposition, it is always done in singular form.

For Ex.(a)      Last night, she/was reading the/Bible pages after pages/No error.
            (b)      The poor beggar/was begging /doors to doors/No error.

यहाँ a ‘Pages after pages’ की जगह ‘page after page’ तथा ‘doors to doors’ की जगह ‘door to door’ लिखने से वाक्य शुद्ध हो जायेगा
इसी प्रकार हमें use करना चाहिए
(a) Towns after towns (x)    Town after town (ü)
(b) Days by days (x)                         Day by day (ü)
(c) Years after years (x)       Year after year (ü)
(d) Words for words (x)      Word for word (ü)

Rule -3
कुछ Nouns हमेशा  Plural form में ही रहते हें / हमें इनके साथ Plural verbs का प्रकार का ही प्रयोग करना चाहिए / ऐसे Nouns निम्न प्रकार के है-
Annals
* Pants
Amends
* Briefs
Outskirts
* Binoculars
Riches
* Pincers
Vegetables
* Shears
Doings
* Scissors
Dues
* Glasses
Fireworks
* Spectacles
Eatables
Edibles
* Bellows
* Dividers
Ashes
* Tongs
Embers
* Forceps
Odds
* Clippers
Winnings
* Shoes
Valuables
* Socks
Greens
* Trousers

For Ex.:          (a) Give some alms to the beggar.  
                        (b) My earnings are enough to meet my future requirements.
                        (c) These vegetables are fresh.

Note: जो  Nouns चिन्हत (*)है उनके दो भाग होते है/ सामान्यता ये plural Nouns के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते है किन्तु इनका Singular भी बनाया जा सकता हैSA यदि हमें इनके साथ ‘A pair of’ लगा देते हैaA
For Ex.:          A pair of shoes + S.V.
                        A pair of trousers + S.V.
                        A pair of glasses + S.V. etc.

इसी प्रकार जो Nouns चिन्हत (*)है इनके साथ हमें a/an का  use भी नहीं करना चाहिए -
For Ex.:          I have bought a trousers (x)     
                        We should use a goggles in the Sun (x)
                        I have bought trousers (ü)
                        We should use goggles in the Sun (ü)

साथ ही जो Nouns चिन्हत (*)है उन्हें बिना ‘S’  के s Singular भी नहीं बनाया जा सकता है

For Ex.:          Pyjama, trouser, goggle, scissor (x)
                        Pyjamas, trousers, goggle, scissors (ü)

Rule - 4
Collective Nouns को हम Singular रूप तथा Plural रूप दोनों में use कर सकते है , यदि Collective Nouns  एक ही group  के रूप में प्रयुक्त किये जाते है , तो इन्हें Singular मन जाता है, किन्तु यदि Collective Nouns  विभिन्न व्यक्तिओ का बोध करते है तो इन्हें a Plural माना जाता है

कुछ  महतवपूर्ण Collective Nouns
Army, Assembly, Audience, Committee, Council, Crowed, Mobile, Flock, government, jury, assembly, Parliament, public, team. 

Collective Noun (in singular form)
Collective Noun (in Plural form)
(a)
Committee has submitted its report
(a)
The committee hold different opinions.
(b)
The Jury was happy when he performed.
(b)
The Jury were divided when he performed.

Rule – 5
Noun and the case

इस part से SSCमें जो question पूछे जाते  है वे केवल Apostrophe (’) को लेकर होते है इसलिए  हम केवल उसी का प्रयोग करेगे-

(a)       Apostrophe (’) का use सामान्यतया Relation और Possession का बोध करने के लिए होता है|
For Ex.            Ram’s  book or        The book of Ram 
                        Boy’s hosed   or        The hostel of boys.
सामान्यत हम Non-living things के साथ Apostrophe का use नहीं करते है | इनके साथ ‘of’का प्रयोग हे शुद्ध माना जाता है |

For Ex. (a)     Table’s legs (x)                      The legs of table (ü)
              (b)     The house’s roof (x)                         The roof of the house (ü)
              (c)     The wall’s painting (x)          The painting of the wall (ü)
              (d)     Car’s windscreen (x)            The windscreen of car (ü)  

(b)       Plural Nouns ds lkFk dsoy var esa Apostrophe yxk;k tkrk gSA
(i)        Girls’s college (x)                  Girls’ college (ü)
(ii)       Boys’s hostel (x)                   Boys’ hostel (ü)
(iii)      Teachers’s strike (x)                         Teachers’ strike (ü)
(iv)      Jesus’s life (x)                        Jesus’ life (ü)
ऐसा इसलिए किया जाता है क्योकि यदि Plural Nouns के साथ अतिरिक्त ‘s’ लगा दिया जाता है तो अनावश्यक रूप से ‘Hissing sound’ निकलता है| अत: Apostrophe  अंत में लगता है|
but कुछ words इनके अपवाद है -
Venus’s Beauty (ü)
Jones’s house (ü)
James’s car (ü)

(c)       Compound Nouns के Last term के साथ apostrophe जोड़ा जोड़ा जथा है| जेसे  
(a)       Father-in-law’s health (ü)
            Father’s-in-law health (x)
(b)       Sister-in-law’s job (ü)
            Sister’s-in-law job (x)

(d)       यदि दो Nouns जब ‘and’ से जोड़े जाते है और इनके बीच एक नजदीकी relation हो तोs last Noun के साथ Apostrophe use किया जाता है|
Mr. Mohan and brother’s shop (ü)
Mr. Chopra and Son’s Jewellery (ü)

किन्तु यदि दोनों Nouns के बीच में कोई संबंद्ध नहीं है तो दोनों Nouns के साथ Apostrophe का  use करेगे |
For Ex.           
Shelley’s and Shakespeare’s poems.
Tagore’s and Premchand’s dramas.

(e)       Each other and one another के साथ another में a apostrophe लगाया जाता है|
Each other’s books (ü)
Each’s other books (x)
One another’s behaviors (ü)
One’s another’s behaviors (x)

(f)        निम्न Compound Nouns के साथ Apostrophe का प्रयोग नहीं होता है|
Weight lifting, coal-mining,   waiting list, dining room, swimming pool, driving licence, garden gate, Pop singer, picture frame, can-rally, peace talks, petrol engine, gold medal, income tax.


Rule -6
Some Numeral Nouns, Quantitative Nouns and their Numbers कुछ Nouns को Numeral और Quantitative Nouns कहा जाता है | छात्रों को ऐसे Nouns के नंबर सही use केसे करे | आप इसे निम्न प्रकार समझ सकते है  

dozen, gross, score, hundred, thousand, million, billion, trillion को Numeral Nouns के नाम से जाना जाता है|
 (a)यदि इन Nouns से पहले ‘a’ या ‘one, two, three, four’ आदि जुड़े हो उन्हें a Singular rFkk Plural में समान रूप से use करते है|-
            Singular                                 Plural
            one hundred                     four hundred
            one thousand                    ten thousand
            one dozen                         four dozen
            one million                       thirty million

इनका use अशुद्ध होगा यदि Plural form में कहते है –
I bought two dozens eggs (x)
She gave me five hundred rupees (x)

साथ हे हमें ये बात भी ध्यान रखनी चाहिए जब हम इन Nouns के साथ ‘a’ या किसी number ‘one, two, three’ आदि का use करते है तोह हमें a ‘of’ का  प्रयोग भी नहीं करना चाहिए -
Two dozen of eggs (x)
Twenty thousand of rupees (x)
Three million of rupees (x)
Two hundred of books (x)

* यदि इनके प्रयोग ‘the/these/those’ के साथ हो तो s Numeral Noun के बाद ‘of’ का use करना चाहिए -
For Ex.: (a)    Three dozen of these/those/the eggs are rotten
               (b)   Fifty thousand of these rupees would be deposited in the bank.

If हम Numeral Nouns का Plural बनाना हो तो इनके साथ ‘s’ जोड़ कर  ‘of’ का प्रयोग करना चाहिए-
Dozens of eggs (ü)
Hundreds of people (ü)
Thousands of rupees (ü)
Millions of stars (ü)

 ‘Half’ and Numbers of Nouns

(a) हम half के पहले a और बाद में a/am का प्रयोग कर सकते है | यदि इनके बाद जो s Nouns use हो  वह एक unit of measurement हो तो noun हमेशा singular होगा-
Half a Pound (ü)
A half pound (ü)
Half an hour (ü)
A half hour (ü)

If  ‘one and a half’ का प्रयोग हो तो हमेशा Plural माना जायेगा-
One and a half miles (ü)
One and a half hours (ü)

Similarly – Two pounds and a half 

Rule -7
Noun and the number

If a noun describes about one on more than one is called number like –
(a)       A man                         show                           (b)       Boys                Show
            A fan               one                                          Pens                more than
            A chain           number                                  Tables             one number

There are two kinds of Number
(a) Singular
(b) Plural

SOME Important rules about Plural -
(1)       किसी भी Noun  के अंत में ‘s’ जोड़कर Plural  बनाया जाता है -
Singular
Plural
Fan
Fans
Flat
Flats
Pen
Pens
Girl
Girls
Boy
Boys

(2)       यदि Noun के अंत में a s, ss, sh, ch, x और  z हो तोs ‘es’ जोडकर Plural बनाया जाता है =
Singular
Plural
Bus
Buses
Glass
Glasses
Match
Matches
Tax
Taxes
Quiz
Quizes
Brush
Brushes

(3)       यदि Noun के अंत में ‘y’हो तथा ‘y’ से पहले कोई Consonant हो तो  ‘y’ हटाकर ‘ies’ जोड़कर  Plural बना देते है
Singular
Plural
Lady
Ladies
City
Cities
Army
Armies
Duty
Duties
Salary
Salaries

           
(4)       यदि Singular Common Noun का अंतिम Letter ‘o’ तथा ‘o’ से पहले कोई Consonant हो तो ‘es’ जोडकर  Plural बना देते है
Singular
Plural
Potato
Potatoes
Mosquito
Mosquitoes
Eskimo
Eskimoes
Buffalo
Buffaloes

अपवाद -

            Singular
Plural
Photo
Photos
Kilo
Kilos
Commando
Commandoes
Dynamo
Dynamos

(5)       यदि किसी Noun के अंत में sa ‘f’  हो या ‘fe’ हो तो s ‘f’ or ‘fe’ को हटा ‘ves’ जोडकर Plural बना देते है 
Singular
Plural
Half
Halves
Life
Wives
Shelf
Shelves
Wolf
Wolves
Knife
Knives
Thief
Thieves

अपवाद -
 
            Singular
Plural
Gulf
Gulfs
Proof
Proofs
Staff
Staffs
Grief
Griefs
Chief
Chiefs
Belief
Beliefs

(6)       कुछ Nouns के Vowel को Change करके Plural बन जाता है-                       
Singular
Plural
Man
Men
Woman
Women
Tooth
Teeth
Goose
Geese
Mouse
Mice

(7)       कुछ Compound Nouns के main word में a ‘s’ जोडकर Plural बनाया जाता है -                           
Singular
Plural
Commander-in-chief
Commanders-in-Chief
Mother-in-law
Mothers-in-law
Passer-by
Passers-by
Step-father
Step-fathers
Step-son
Step-sons
Looker-servant
Lookers-on
Pick-Pocket
Pick-Pockets

(8)       कुछ Nouns में a ‘ful’  जुड़ा रहता है ऐसे Nouns में अंत में ‘s’ जोडकर Plural बनाते है- a&
Singular
Plural
Mouthful
Mouthfuls
Cupful
Cupfuls
Handful
Handfuls
Spoonful
Spoonfuls


Note:  Different type of changing into Plural
       Singular
Plural
Syllabus
Syllabi
Criterion
Criteria
Radius
Radii
Bacterium
Bacteria
Analysis
Analyses
Axis
Axes
Oasis
Oases
Phenomenon
Phenomena
Agendum
Agenda
Memorandum
Memoranda
Datum
Data
Thesis
Theses
Index
Indices
Hypothesis
Hypotheses
Plateau
Plateaus
Crisis
Crises



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