Chapter 3- The Rise of Buddhism And Jainism

Buddhishm

Lord Buddha:

• Also known as Sakyamuni or Tathagata.
• Born to Suddhodana (Sakya ruler) and Mahamaya in 563 BC on the Vaishakha Poorrnima day at Lumbani(near kapilavastu) in Nepal.
• Lost mother 7 days after the birth. Brought up by stepmother Gautami.
• Married at 16 to Yoshodhara. Enjoyed the married life for 13 years and blessed with a son named Rahula.
• After seeing an old man , a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic, he decided to become a wanderer.
• Left his place at 29 (with Channa, the charioteer and his favourite horse, Kanthaka) in search of truth (called ‘Mahabhinishkramana’ or The great Renunciation) and wandered for 6 years.
• For 6 years he tortured himself until he was nothing but a walking skeleton. But after 6 years, he felt that his fasts and penance had been useless. So he abandoned these things.
• Attained ‘Enlightenment’ at 35 at Gaya in Magadha (Bihar) under the Pipal tree.
• Delivered the first sermon at sarnath where his five disciplines had settled. His first sermon is called ‘Dharmachakrapravartan. Or “turning of the Wheel of Law”.
• Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (identical to village Kasia in Deoria district of UP) in 483 BC at the age of 80.

Buddhist councils:

Trick To Learn Places- RVPK
Trick To Learn Kings- AKAK

Council	Time	Place	Chairman	King
First	483 BC	Rajgriha	Mahakashyap	Ajatsatru
Second	383BC	Vaishali	Sarvkami	Kalashoka
Third	251BC	Patliputra	Mogaliputta Tissa	Ashoka
Fourth	72AD	Kashmir	Vasumitra	Kanishka

*In fourth council Buddhism separated into Mahayana and Hinayana sects.

Buddhist Literature:

• In Pali language.
• Buddhist scriptures in Pali are commonly referred to as Tripitakas, ie “Threefold Basket”.

#Vinaya Pitaka:

• Rules of discipline in Buddhist monasteries.

#Sutta Pitaka:

• Largest contains collection of Budddha’s sermons.
• Jatakas are the fables about the different births of Buddha.

Mahatama Buddha stressed four noble truths:

• There is sorrow.
• Reason of sorrow is desire.
• Sorrow can be ended by killing desires.
• Desire can be controlled by following Eight Fold Path.

Stupas and Viharas:

• Stupa: Relics of Buddha, Sanchi Stupa was built by Ashoka in Vidisha (MP).
• Viharas: Residential Place of Bodh Bhikshu.
• Nalanda vihar in Bihar constructed by Kumar Gupta-I.

Jainism

• Founded by Rishabha.
• There were 24 Tirthankaras.
• First was Rishabhadev (emblem: bull)
• The 23^rd Tirthankar was Parshwanath (emblem: snake)
• The 24th Tirthankar was Mahavira (emblem: Lion)

Lord Mahavira:

• The 24^th and the last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavir (Emblem: Lion). He was born in Kundagram (Distt. Muzaffarpur, Bihar) in 540 BC.
• Born to Siddhartha (Head of the Kshatriya Clan) and Trushla (sister of Lichhavi Prince chetak of Vaishali).
• Bimbisara was realted to Lord Mahavira.
• Married to Yashoda, had daughter  named  Priyadasena, whose husband Jamali became his first disciple.
• At 30, after the death of his parents, he became an ascetic.
• In the 13^th year of his ascetism (on the 10^th of Vishakha), outside the town of the Jrimbhikgrama, he attained supreme knowledge (kaivalya).
• From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya and Mahavira, and his followers were named Jains. He got the title  of Arihant, ie, Worthy.
• At the age of 72, he attained death at Pawanpuri, in 486 BC.

Jainism Sects:

Shwetambars (Those who wear white cloths) and Digamabars (Those who remain naked).

Jaina Literature:

• Jaina Literature was first written in Prakrit  and later in Sanskrit.
• "Kalpsutra"- Bhadrabahu.

Jaina Council:

Sr No	Place	Head	Result
1.	Patliputra	Sthulabhadra	Jains divided into Shvetambar & Digambar
2.	Vallabhi	Devardhi Kshmashraman	12 Angas & 12 Upangas were compiled

• Chapter 1- Brief Insight Of Harappa/Indus Valley Civilization
• Chapter 2- Vedic Culture (1500 bc- 600 bc)